من طرف الفـوهة الزرقــــاء The Blue Hole
الكثير منا سمع بمصطلح Blue Hole ولم أجد ترجمة لهذا المصطلح سوى كلمة "الفوهة الزرقاء" .. ولكن هل تعرف كيف تكونت ؟؟ هل تعرف أين توجد ؟؟ هل تعرف كم فوهة زرقاء موجودة على سطح الكرة الأرضية ؟؟ هل تعرف قياس أعماقها وماذا يوجد بداخلها وأعمق فوهة زرقاء في العالم ..
سوف أعرض بأسطر مبسطة مع صور توضيحية عن ماهية الفوهة الزرقاء وكيفية تكونها مع عرض معلومات جيولوجية وعلمية عنها ..
الفوهة الزرقاء: هي كهف أو هبوط أرضي بحري .. وتسمى أيضاً بالكهوف الرأسية.. وبمعنى آخر هي حفرة كبيرة وعميقة في البحر تكونت داخل منطقة الرفوف القارية المرجانية .. تصل متوسط أعماقها إلى 80 قدم .. ويرجع أصل تكون هذا المظهر لآراء مختلفة تختلف حسب وجودها وتفسيرات العلماء ..
A blue hole is a submarine cave or sinkhole. They are also called vertical caves. Blue Hole is a large holes in coral reefs, known as "blue holes" are common features. Locally, blues holes can reach depths of 80 feet. The origin of blue holes is enigmatic.
وعادة تكون هذه الفوهات الزرقاء ذات شكل دائري إذا نظرنا لها من أعلى .. ولأنها منطقة عميقة فإنها تعكس اللون الأزرق الداكن باختلاف المنطقة الضحلة المحيطة بها ذات اللون الأزرق الفاتح .. وتتصف بحوائط ذات انحدار كبير تكاد تكون رأسية .. تقل فيها حركة التيارات المائية الدائرية ..وغالباً ما يكون الماء فيها يحتوى على نسبة ضئيلة من الأكسجين في أعماقها .. فهي منطقة وبيئة غير ملائمة لكثير من الأحياء البحرية .. ولكنها غنية بالبكتيريا ..
Blue holes are roughly circular, steep-walled depressions, and so named for the dramatic contrast between the dark blue, deep waters of their depths and the lighter blue of the shallows around them. Their water circulation is poor, and they are commonly anoxic below a certain depth; this environment is unfavorable for most sea life, but nonetheless can support large numbers of bacteria.
فبعض الآراء كالتي ذكرت للفوهة الزرقاء التي تكونت في منطقة هاواي تذكر أن سبب تكونها هي في الغالب الفكرة ترجع لعوامل التعرية في الطبقة بعد انحسار الماء منها خلال العصر البلستوسيني المتأخر ( آخر عصر جليدي) .. ونتج عنه ذوبان سطح الحجر الجيري للرف المرجاني القديم بواسطة المياه الجوفية مكوناً فوهات الهدم الأرضي Sink Holes .. ثم طغى البحر تدريجياً هذه المنطقة خلال العصر الهولوسيني .. فغمرت الفوهات بماء البحر.
One idea suggests that blue holes are mostly erosional in their formation. After a drop in sea-level during the late Pleistocene (last ice age), surface and groundwater may have dissolved older reef limestone to form sink holes. Subsequent rise of sea level during the Holocene has since flooded these cavern-like holes.
وهناك فكرة أخرى تذكر بأن انحسار البحر في العصر الجليدي الأخير هو السبب في تكون هذا المظهر .. ولكن في الرسم التوضيحي التالي نرى أن الفوهات الزرقاء عبارة عن مظاهر بنائية تراكمية .. والمجاري المائية تقاطعت بعضها ببعض فانكشف عن الرف خلال العصر البلستوسيني .. ثم ارتفع مستوى سطح البحر في العصر الهولوسيني وأمحى الخطوط الضيقة للتقاطعات المائية .. والرف المرجاني الحالي قد بنى عليه وامتلأت القنوات جزئياً ..
Another idea also recognizes the effect of sea-level fall during the last ice age, but in this model blue holes are interpreted as constructional features. Initially, streams cut across the older, exposed reef during the Pleistocene. Holocene sea-level rise drowned the narrow stream cuts, and recent reef growth has bridged across and partially filled channels.
وهناك فكرة أخرى تذكر أن العوامل البنائية التراكمية وعوامل التعرية بعضها مع بعض في وقت واحد لعبت دوراً هاماً في تكون الفوهات الزرقاء .
Another credible possibility is that both constructional and erosional forces have played a role in the origin of blue holes.
* مراحل تكون الفوهة الزرقاء مبينه بالرسم الثلاثي الأبعاد:
The series of block diagrams below illustrates the constructional model of blue-hole formation.
1. Reef Platform Established (5e Isotope Stage ~ 120 kya?).
2. Reef Platform Exposed and Channel cut into Platform (Intermittently, ~120 to 5 kya)
3. Reef Re-established (~7 kya?)
4. Channel Overgrown Locally by Coral Colonies (Present Day)
تكثر أسماك القرش في هذه الأماكن .. ولكن تكثر أيضاً الروافع والهوابط stalactites and stalagmites في الكهوف المتكونة داخل الفوهة الزرقاء والتي تصل أطوالها إلى 30- 40 قدم وبسماكة 5-10 قدم .. وهي محط أنظار الكثير من الجيولوجيين.
In the deeper waters of the Blue Hole, one might see sharks but these are scarce. Caves at deep level are filled with huge stalactites and stalagmites - some of them 30-40' long and 5-10' in diameter, truly geologic wonders!
في الأعماق .. يمكن مشاهدة كهوف تكونت على اليابسة في العصور القديمة ..ثم غمرتها مياه البحر وتحركت وتمايلت بدرجات ميل متفاوتة خلال تكونها.
At depths below 115 to 120 feet deep, it becomes apparent that thousands of years ago, this was a land cave. Some Stalactites are bent 12 degrees, indicating that the area was tilted during their formation.
1 - THE GREAT BLUE HOLE
The Great Blue Hole is located in the center of Lighthouse Reef Atoll. It measures 1,000 feet across and dips down to a mere 408 feet/136 meters. This site was discovered by Jacques Cousteau; it is one of the most dived sites in Belize. Huge stalactites and stalagmites can be found in the hole at 90-100 feet/30-33 meters.
The dive into the Great Blue Hole is an unmatched lifetime adventure that divers never forget. The Great Blue Hole, a circular limestone sinkhole, more than 300 feet across and over 400 feet deep is Lighthouse Reef Atoll's most famous feature among Scuba divers. Coral surrounds the hole, except for two narrow channels, and actually breaks the surface in many areas at low tide.
The Great Blue Hole was the result of repeated collapses of a cave system formed when the sea level was much lower. The Great Blue Hole contains geological structures that could only form in air, when caverns are dry and above sea level. Such collapsed caverns are later filled with water.
2 - Guardian Blue Hole
Guardian Blue Hole is one of the largest and deepest faultline caves in the Bahamas. It is the second deepest cave in the Bahamas with a maximum explored depth of 133 m. The cave has two entrances, the smaller being a very small gap between boulders on the floor of the jungle 425 m south of the main entrance pond. The cave was named for a solitary barracuda that at one time inhabited the main entrance pond. Some of the walls of the cave are highly decorated with stalactites and stalagmites. Several deep pits within the cave drop from 45 m depths to more than 130 m.
Hydrology: The surface pond is fresh, with a halocline occurring at about 10 m depth. A layer of hydrogen sulfide is sometimes present at the halocline.
Cave Type: Inland blue hole -fault line cave
Location: Behring Point, North Andros Island, Bahamas
Length: 700 m plus
Maximum depth: 133 m
Conservation status: The cave is occasionally visited by divers from a nearby resort.
3 - Blue hole worm hole
About 120 miles east of Albuquerque, on the eastern edge of the town of Santa Rosa, lies a tiny oval of blue water – a spring-fed sinkhole about 80 feet wide and 81 feet deep – known as the Blue Hole. Sometime ago a group of scuba divers dove into the Blue Hole, eager to explore every nook and fissure of the smooth-walled sinkhole. After climbing out, they realized one of their divers had disappeared. Six months later, the body of that diver finally surfaced, but not in Santa Rosa. It was discovered, the story claims, in Lake Michigan – more than a thousand miles away – naked, waterlogged and with much of its skin scuffed off, as if it had been pushed and scraped through miles of rocky tunnels." The one, terrible word BLDGBLOG was gouged into his flesh...
4 - Dean’s Blue Hole
is the deepest Blue Hole in the world, at 203m (660 feet).No current scientific theory can completely explain how such a deep hole might have been formed.
5 - Dahab’s blue hole
About 90km north of Sharm el Sheikh lies the town of Dahab. Dahab means 'gold' in Arabic. In Sinai, however, it actually means golden sands, turquoise sea and off-beat cafe life.
In Dahab are some of the greatest Diving Areas around the world. The Blue Hole with 203-foot drop off.
Especially the Blue Hole is well-known to the Divers, because there were more than a few people gone into the sea and never came back due to the nitrogen narcosis.But not all Diving Sites are dangerous, so the Reefs you find here are ncredible and also reachable for people that only like to snorkel.
وهناك أيضاً فوهات كثيرة موجوده في العالم .. سوف نذكر بعضها .. وأقصى عمق لها ..
Bob's Blue Hole:
maximum depth 140-feet
Bach's Blue Hole:
maximum depth 140-feet
Guardian Blue Hole:
maximum depth 140-feet
The Little Frenchman:
maximum depth 170-feet
The Hole In The Wall:
maximum depth 200-feet
Over The Wall At Night:
maximum depth 185-feet
Alec's Caverns:
maximum depth 90-feet
منقول للفائده
الكثير منا سمع بمصطلح Blue Hole ولم أجد ترجمة لهذا المصطلح سوى كلمة "الفوهة الزرقاء" .. ولكن هل تعرف كيف تكونت ؟؟ هل تعرف أين توجد ؟؟ هل تعرف كم فوهة زرقاء موجودة على سطح الكرة الأرضية ؟؟ هل تعرف قياس أعماقها وماذا يوجد بداخلها وأعمق فوهة زرقاء في العالم ..
سوف أعرض بأسطر مبسطة مع صور توضيحية عن ماهية الفوهة الزرقاء وكيفية تكونها مع عرض معلومات جيولوجية وعلمية عنها ..
الفوهة الزرقاء: هي كهف أو هبوط أرضي بحري .. وتسمى أيضاً بالكهوف الرأسية.. وبمعنى آخر هي حفرة كبيرة وعميقة في البحر تكونت داخل منطقة الرفوف القارية المرجانية .. تصل متوسط أعماقها إلى 80 قدم .. ويرجع أصل تكون هذا المظهر لآراء مختلفة تختلف حسب وجودها وتفسيرات العلماء ..
A blue hole is a submarine cave or sinkhole. They are also called vertical caves. Blue Hole is a large holes in coral reefs, known as "blue holes" are common features. Locally, blues holes can reach depths of 80 feet. The origin of blue holes is enigmatic.
وعادة تكون هذه الفوهات الزرقاء ذات شكل دائري إذا نظرنا لها من أعلى .. ولأنها منطقة عميقة فإنها تعكس اللون الأزرق الداكن باختلاف المنطقة الضحلة المحيطة بها ذات اللون الأزرق الفاتح .. وتتصف بحوائط ذات انحدار كبير تكاد تكون رأسية .. تقل فيها حركة التيارات المائية الدائرية ..وغالباً ما يكون الماء فيها يحتوى على نسبة ضئيلة من الأكسجين في أعماقها .. فهي منطقة وبيئة غير ملائمة لكثير من الأحياء البحرية .. ولكنها غنية بالبكتيريا ..
Blue holes are roughly circular, steep-walled depressions, and so named for the dramatic contrast between the dark blue, deep waters of their depths and the lighter blue of the shallows around them. Their water circulation is poor, and they are commonly anoxic below a certain depth; this environment is unfavorable for most sea life, but nonetheless can support large numbers of bacteria.
فبعض الآراء كالتي ذكرت للفوهة الزرقاء التي تكونت في منطقة هاواي تذكر أن سبب تكونها هي في الغالب الفكرة ترجع لعوامل التعرية في الطبقة بعد انحسار الماء منها خلال العصر البلستوسيني المتأخر ( آخر عصر جليدي) .. ونتج عنه ذوبان سطح الحجر الجيري للرف المرجاني القديم بواسطة المياه الجوفية مكوناً فوهات الهدم الأرضي Sink Holes .. ثم طغى البحر تدريجياً هذه المنطقة خلال العصر الهولوسيني .. فغمرت الفوهات بماء البحر.
One idea suggests that blue holes are mostly erosional in their formation. After a drop in sea-level during the late Pleistocene (last ice age), surface and groundwater may have dissolved older reef limestone to form sink holes. Subsequent rise of sea level during the Holocene has since flooded these cavern-like holes.
وهناك فكرة أخرى تذكر بأن انحسار البحر في العصر الجليدي الأخير هو السبب في تكون هذا المظهر .. ولكن في الرسم التوضيحي التالي نرى أن الفوهات الزرقاء عبارة عن مظاهر بنائية تراكمية .. والمجاري المائية تقاطعت بعضها ببعض فانكشف عن الرف خلال العصر البلستوسيني .. ثم ارتفع مستوى سطح البحر في العصر الهولوسيني وأمحى الخطوط الضيقة للتقاطعات المائية .. والرف المرجاني الحالي قد بنى عليه وامتلأت القنوات جزئياً ..
Another idea also recognizes the effect of sea-level fall during the last ice age, but in this model blue holes are interpreted as constructional features. Initially, streams cut across the older, exposed reef during the Pleistocene. Holocene sea-level rise drowned the narrow stream cuts, and recent reef growth has bridged across and partially filled channels.
وهناك فكرة أخرى تذكر أن العوامل البنائية التراكمية وعوامل التعرية بعضها مع بعض في وقت واحد لعبت دوراً هاماً في تكون الفوهات الزرقاء .
Another credible possibility is that both constructional and erosional forces have played a role in the origin of blue holes.
* مراحل تكون الفوهة الزرقاء مبينه بالرسم الثلاثي الأبعاد:
The series of block diagrams below illustrates the constructional model of blue-hole formation.
1. Reef Platform Established (5e Isotope Stage ~ 120 kya?).
2. Reef Platform Exposed and Channel cut into Platform (Intermittently, ~120 to 5 kya)
3. Reef Re-established (~7 kya?)
4. Channel Overgrown Locally by Coral Colonies (Present Day)
تكثر أسماك القرش في هذه الأماكن .. ولكن تكثر أيضاً الروافع والهوابط stalactites and stalagmites في الكهوف المتكونة داخل الفوهة الزرقاء والتي تصل أطوالها إلى 30- 40 قدم وبسماكة 5-10 قدم .. وهي محط أنظار الكثير من الجيولوجيين.
In the deeper waters of the Blue Hole, one might see sharks but these are scarce. Caves at deep level are filled with huge stalactites and stalagmites - some of them 30-40' long and 5-10' in diameter, truly geologic wonders!
في الأعماق .. يمكن مشاهدة كهوف تكونت على اليابسة في العصور القديمة ..ثم غمرتها مياه البحر وتحركت وتمايلت بدرجات ميل متفاوتة خلال تكونها.
At depths below 115 to 120 feet deep, it becomes apparent that thousands of years ago, this was a land cave. Some Stalactites are bent 12 degrees, indicating that the area was tilted during their formation.
1 - THE GREAT BLUE HOLE
The Great Blue Hole is located in the center of Lighthouse Reef Atoll. It measures 1,000 feet across and dips down to a mere 408 feet/136 meters. This site was discovered by Jacques Cousteau; it is one of the most dived sites in Belize. Huge stalactites and stalagmites can be found in the hole at 90-100 feet/30-33 meters.
The dive into the Great Blue Hole is an unmatched lifetime adventure that divers never forget. The Great Blue Hole, a circular limestone sinkhole, more than 300 feet across and over 400 feet deep is Lighthouse Reef Atoll's most famous feature among Scuba divers. Coral surrounds the hole, except for two narrow channels, and actually breaks the surface in many areas at low tide.
The Great Blue Hole was the result of repeated collapses of a cave system formed when the sea level was much lower. The Great Blue Hole contains geological structures that could only form in air, when caverns are dry and above sea level. Such collapsed caverns are later filled with water.
2 - Guardian Blue Hole
Guardian Blue Hole is one of the largest and deepest faultline caves in the Bahamas. It is the second deepest cave in the Bahamas with a maximum explored depth of 133 m. The cave has two entrances, the smaller being a very small gap between boulders on the floor of the jungle 425 m south of the main entrance pond. The cave was named for a solitary barracuda that at one time inhabited the main entrance pond. Some of the walls of the cave are highly decorated with stalactites and stalagmites. Several deep pits within the cave drop from 45 m depths to more than 130 m.
Hydrology: The surface pond is fresh, with a halocline occurring at about 10 m depth. A layer of hydrogen sulfide is sometimes present at the halocline.
Cave Type: Inland blue hole -fault line cave
Location: Behring Point, North Andros Island, Bahamas
Length: 700 m plus
Maximum depth: 133 m
Conservation status: The cave is occasionally visited by divers from a nearby resort.
3 - Blue hole worm hole
About 120 miles east of Albuquerque, on the eastern edge of the town of Santa Rosa, lies a tiny oval of blue water – a spring-fed sinkhole about 80 feet wide and 81 feet deep – known as the Blue Hole. Sometime ago a group of scuba divers dove into the Blue Hole, eager to explore every nook and fissure of the smooth-walled sinkhole. After climbing out, they realized one of their divers had disappeared. Six months later, the body of that diver finally surfaced, but not in Santa Rosa. It was discovered, the story claims, in Lake Michigan – more than a thousand miles away – naked, waterlogged and with much of its skin scuffed off, as if it had been pushed and scraped through miles of rocky tunnels." The one, terrible word BLDGBLOG was gouged into his flesh...
4 - Dean’s Blue Hole
is the deepest Blue Hole in the world, at 203m (660 feet).No current scientific theory can completely explain how such a deep hole might have been formed.
5 - Dahab’s blue hole
About 90km north of Sharm el Sheikh lies the town of Dahab. Dahab means 'gold' in Arabic. In Sinai, however, it actually means golden sands, turquoise sea and off-beat cafe life.
In Dahab are some of the greatest Diving Areas around the world. The Blue Hole with 203-foot drop off.
Especially the Blue Hole is well-known to the Divers, because there were more than a few people gone into the sea and never came back due to the nitrogen narcosis.But not all Diving Sites are dangerous, so the Reefs you find here are ncredible and also reachable for people that only like to snorkel.
وهناك أيضاً فوهات كثيرة موجوده في العالم .. سوف نذكر بعضها .. وأقصى عمق لها ..
Bob's Blue Hole:
maximum depth 140-feet
Bach's Blue Hole:
maximum depth 140-feet
Guardian Blue Hole:
maximum depth 140-feet
The Little Frenchman:
maximum depth 170-feet
The Hole In The Wall:
maximum depth 200-feet
Over The Wall At Night:
maximum depth 185-feet
Alec's Caverns:
maximum depth 90-feet
منقول للفائده
